Natural Convection of Dusty Hybrid Nanofluids in Diverging–Converging Cavities Including Volumetric Heat Sources

Two Semi-Implicit-Method for Pressure-Linked-Equations (SIMPLE) techniques have been performed to solve the dimensionless equations governing a dusty hybrid nanofluid flow in wavy enclosures contain a volumetric heat source. These techniques are applied to evaluate the pressure terms for both the hybrid nanofluid and the dusty particles based on the control volume solver. Two systems of equations are proposed to simulate the hybrid nanofluid phase and the dusty particles phase. In addition, a body-fitted method is applied to map the irregular domain into a rectangular domain, and an inverse map technique is used to present the obtained data inside the given wavy domain. The hybrid mixture, here, is consisting of water as a base fluid, and the nanoparticles are Al₂O₃ and Cu. The controlling parameters are the Rayleigh numbers Ra_E and Ra_l, the ratio of the densities of the mixture D_s, the dusty parameter α_s, and the total nanoparticles volume fraction. The results revealed that the absolute values of the stream function are reduced by 54.5% when the heating modes are switched from (Ra_l/Ra_E) < 1 to (Ra_l /Ra_E) > 1. Also, the average Nusselt is enhanced by 5.2% at a = 0.9, 6.74% at a = 0.95, and 11.36% at a = 1.1 when the nanoparticles volume fraction is increased from 1% to 5%.