... characteristic equations and their applicability to all angles of tee junctions have been confirmed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results have also highlighted that the angle of the branch pipe has a significant effect on increasing the velocity ratio range for less damaging...

... the transient temperature distributions in the wall of an actual PWR pressurizer surgeline with a complex geometry of three-dimensionally bent piping, three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations involving the conjugate heat transfer analysis are performed for the PWR pressurizer...