Abstract
The corrosive nature of seawater poses significant challenges to the design of gas cylinders in marine environments. Currently, TC4 titanium-alloy cylinders are predominantly used because of their resistance; however, they are costly and challenging to manufacture. To address this issue, this study proposes employing TC4 titanium alloy liner carbon fiber composite cylinders, which can reduce the manufacturing cost and processing difficulty while ensuring excellent protection against seawater corrosion and fatigue resistance. The fatigue life of the cylinders was predicted and analyzed using the finite element method, and a prototype was manufactured for verification. The results show that the composite layer can effectively share the stress load for the liner under the working pressure cycle, which increases the fatigue life of the titanium alloy liner carbon fiber composite cylinders and provides strong support for their application in marine engineering.
References
1.
Zhang
, D.
, Liu
, Y.
, Liu
, R.
, Guan
, R.
, Xing
, S.
, Dou
, X.
, He
, Z.
, and Zhang
, X.
, 2022
, “Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of TA2 Titanium Alloy Welded Joints in Seawater Environment
,” Front. Chem.
, 10
, p. 950768
.10.3389/fchem.2022.9507682.
Liu
, H.
, Teng
, Y.
, Guo
, J.
, Li
, N.
, Wang
, J.
, Zhou
, Z.
, and Li
, S.
, 2021
, “Corrosion Resistance and Corrosion Behavior of High‐Copper‐Bearing Steel in Marine Environments
,” Mater. Corros.
, 72
(5
), pp. 816
–828
.10.1002/maco.2020121113.
Lv
, X.
, Liu
, S.
, Xie
, H.
, Cao
, Q.
, Zhang
, C.
, Chen
, F.
, and Liu
, B.
, 2022
, “Corrosion Behavior of a Newly Developed High Strength Aluminum Alloy With High Magnesium Content Under Simulated Seawater Environment
,” Mater. Corros.
, 73
(8
), pp. 1318
–1329
.10.1002/maco.2022130654.
Šekularac
, G.
, Kovač
, J.
, and Milošev
, I.
, 2020
, “Comparison of the Electrochemical Behaviour and Self-Sealing of Zirconium Conversion Coatings Applied on Aluminium Alloys of Series 1xxx to 7xxx
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 167
(11
), p. 111506
.10.1149/1945-7111/aba8755.
Bukovec
, M.
, Xhanari
, K.
, and Finšgar
, M.
, 2021
, “Development and Analysis of Frits for Enamelling AA2024, AA6082 and AA7075 Aluminium Alloys
,” Mater. Corros.
, 72
(4
), pp. 660
–671
.10.1002/maco.2020119936.
Bajakke
, P. A.
, Malik
, V. R.
, Jambagi
, S. C.
, and Deshpande
, A. S.
, 2020
, “Corrosion Behavior of Novel AA1050/ZnO Surface Composite: A Potential Material for Ship Hull
,” Mater. Lett.
, 281
, p. 128602
.10.1016/j.matlet.2020.1286027.
Walsh
, D.
, Pope
, D.
, Danford
, M.
, and Huff
, T.
, 1993
, “The Effect of Microstructure on Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
,” JOM
, 45
(9
), pp. 22
–30
.10.1007/BF032224298.
Fu
, T.
, Zhan
, Z.
, Zhang
, L.
, Yang
, Y.
, Liu
, Z.
, Liu
, J.
, Li
, L.
, and Yu
, X.
, 2015
, “Effect of Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment on Corrosion Resistance of Commercial Pure Titanium
,” Sur. Coat. Technol.
, 280
, pp. 129
–135
.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.08.0419.
Erinosho
, M. F.
, Akinlabi
, E. T.
, and Pityana
, S.
, 2015
, “Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Laser Metal Deposited Ti6Al4V/Cu Composites in 3.5% Sea Water
,” Mater. Today. Proc.
, 2
(4–5
), pp. 1166
–1174
.10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.02810.
Cheng
, J.
, Li
, F.
, Zhu
, S.
, Yu
, Y.
, Qiao
, Z.
, and Yang
, J.
, 2017
, “Electrochemical Corrosion and Tribological Evaluation of TiAl Alloy for Marine Application
,” Tribol. Int.
, 115
, pp. 483
–492
.10.1016/j.triboint.2017.06.02711.
Mochizuki
, H.
, Yokota
, M.
, and Hattori
, S.
, 2007
, “Effects of Materials and Solution Temperatures on Cavitation Erosion of Pure Titanium and Titanium Alloy in Seawater
,” Wear
, 262
(5–6
), pp. 522
–528
.10.1016/j.wear.2006.06.01112.
Rondelli
, G.
, and Vicentini
, B.
, 2000
, “Evaluation by Electrochemical Tests of the Passive Film Stability of Equiatomic Ni‐Ti Alloy Also in Presence of Stress‐Induced Martensite
,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res.
, 51
(1
), pp. 47
–54
.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(200007)51:1<47::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-P13.
Wu
, S.
, Ning
, Y.
, Xie
, H.
, Tian
, H.
, Lv
, J.
, and Liu
, B.
, 2024
, “Study on the Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Copper-Nickel/Titanium Alloys Under Simulated Seawater Environment
,” J. Solid State Electrochem.
, 28
(7
), pp. 2315
–2329
.10.1007/s10008-023-05769-314.
Kumar
, G. R.
, Rajyalakshmi
, G.
, and Swaroop
, S.
, 2019
, “A Critical Appraisal of Laser Peening and Its Impact on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Titanium Alloys
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B
, 233
(13
), pp. 2371
–2398
.10.1177/095440541983895615.
Jiang
, Z.
, Dai
, X.
, Norby
, T.
, and Middleton
, H.
, 2011
, “Investigation of Pitting Resistance of Titanium Based on a Modified Point Defect Model
,” Corros. Sci.
, 53
(2
), pp. 815
–821
.10.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.01516.
Fan
, W.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Tian
, H.
, Wang
, W.
, and Li
, W.
, 2019
, “Corrosion Behavior of Two Low Alloy Steel in Simulative Deep-Sea Environment Coupling to Titanium Alloy
,” Colloid Interface Sci. Commun.
, 29
, pp. 40
–46
.10.1016/j.colcom.2019.01.00317.
Rajendran
, N.
, and Nishimura
, T.
, 2007
, “Crevice Corrosion Monitoring of Titanium and Its Alloys Using Microelectrodes
,” Mater. Corros.
, 58
(5
), pp. 334
–339
.10.1002/maco.20060402218.
Blackwood
, D. J.
, Greef
, R.
, and Peter
, L. M.
, 1989
, “An Ellipsometric Study of the Growth and Open-Circuit Dissolution of the Anodic Oxide Film on Titanium
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 34
(6
), pp. 875
–880
.10.1016/0013-4686(89)87123-319.
Blackwood
, D. J.
, Peter
, L. M.
, and Williams
, D. E.
, 1988
, “Stability and Open Circuit Breakdown of the Passive Oxide Film on Titanium
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 33
(8
), pp. 1143
–1149
.10.1016/0013-4686(88)80206-820.
Pang
, J. J.
, and Blackwood
, D. J.
, 2015
, “Corrosion of Titanium Alloys in High Temperature Seawater
,” Corros. Sci. Technol.
, 14
(4
), pp. 195
–199
.10.14773/cst.2015.14.4.19521.
Blackwood
, D. J.
, Peter
, L. M.
, Bishop
, H. E.
, Chalker
, P. R.
, and Williams
, D. E.
, 1989
, “A Sims Investigation of Hydrogen Penetration of Titanium Electrodes
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 34
(10
), pp. 1401
–1403
.10.1016/0013-4686(89)87178-622.
Young
, L. M.
, Young
, G. A.
, Scully
, J. R.
, and Gangloff
, R. P.
, 1995
, “Aqueous Environmental Crack Propagation in High-Strength Beta Titanium Alloys
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A
, 26
(5
), pp. 1257
–1271
.10.1007/BF0267062023.
Alvarez
, A. M.
, Robertson
, I. M.
, and Birnbaum
, H. K.
, 2004
, “Hydrogen Embrittlement of a Metastable β-Titanium Alloy
,” Acta. Mater.
, 52
(14
), pp. 4161
–4175
.10.1016/j.actamat.2004.05.03024.
Kolman
, D. G.
, and Scully
, J. R.
, 2000
, “An Assessment of the Crack Tip Potential of β-Titanium Alloys During Hydrogen Environmentally Assisted Crack Propagation Based on Crack Tip and Passive Surface Electrochemical Measurements
,” Corros. Sci.
, 42
(11
), pp. 1863
–1879
.10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00033-025.
Pang
, J. J.
, and Blackwood
, D. J.
, 2016
, “Corrosion of Titanium Alloys in High Temperature Near Anaerobic Seawater
,” Corros. Sci.
, 105
, pp. 17
–24
.10.1016/j.corsci.2015.12.01126.
Li
, Y.
, Wang
, W.
, Pan
, M.
, Cao
, W.
, Ma
, X.
, and Li
, Y.
, 2023
, “Fatigue Life Analysis of High-Pressure Seamless Steel Cylinder for Hydrogen Using Autofrettage Design
,” Int. J. Pressure Vessel Piping
, 206
, p. 105065
.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.10506527.
British Standards institute
, 2022
, Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels
, British Standards Institute
, London, UK.
