The bottleneck in laser hardening principally occurs when large surfaces have to be treated because this process situation leads to multitrack laser scanning in order to treat all the component surfaces. Unfortunately, multitrack laser trajectories generate an unwanted tempering effect that depends on the overlapping of two close trajectories. To reduce the softening effects, a simulator capable to optimize the process parameters, such as laser power and speed and number and types of trajectories, could sensibly increase the applicability of the process. In this paper, an original model for the tempering is presented. By introducing a tempering time factor for the martensitic transformation, the hardness reduction can be predicted according to any laser process parameters, material, and geometry. Experimental comparisons will be presented to prove the accuracy of the model.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
1.
Tani
, G.
, Orazi
, L.
, Fortunato
, A.
, and Cuccolini
, G.
, 2008, “Laser Ablation of Metals: A 3D Process Simulation for Industrial Applications
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
1087-1357, 130
, p. 031111
.2.
Peng
, R. L.
, and Ericsson
, T.
, 1998, “Effect of Laser Hardening on Bending Fatigue of Several Steels
,” Scand. J. Metall.
0371-0459, 27
(4
), pp. 180
–190
.3.
Pantelis
, D. I.
, Bouyiouri
, E.
, Kouloumbi
, N.
, Vassiliou
, P.
, and Koutscomichalis
, A.
, 2002, “Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Laser Surface Hardened Structural Steel
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
0257-8972, 161
, pp. 125
–134
.4.
Ashby
, M. F.
, and Easterling
, K. E.
, 1984, “The Transformation Hardening of Steel Surfaces by Laser Beam—I. Hypoeutectoid Steels
,” Acta Metall.
0001-6160, 32
(11
), pp. 1935
–1937
.5.
Tani
, G.
, Orazi
, L.
, Fortunato
, A.
, Campana
, G.
, and Cuccolini
, G.
, 2007, “Laser Hardening Process Simulation for Mechanical Parts
,” Proceedings of the LASE 2007
, San Jose, CA.6.
Ohmura
, E.
, and Inoue
, K.
, 1989, “Computer Simulation on Structural Changes of Hypoeutectoid Steel in Laser Transformation Hardening Process
,” JSME Int. J.
0913-185X, 32
, pp. 45
–53
.7.
Skvarenina
, S.
, and Shin
, Y. C.
, 2006, “Predictive Modeling and Experimental Results for Laser Hardening of AISI 1536 Steel With Complex Geometric Features by a High Power Diode Laser
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
0257-8972, 46
, pp. 3949
–3962
.8.
Jacot
, A.
, and Rappaz
, M.
, 1997, “A Two-Dimensional Diffusion Model for the Prediction of Phase Transformation: Application to Austenization and Homogenization of Hypoeutectoid Fe-C Steels
,” Acta Mater.
1359-6454, 45
(2
), pp. 575
–585
.9.
Jacot
, A.
, and Rappaz
, M.
, 1998, “Modeling of Reaustenization From the Perlite Structure in Steel
,” Acta Mater.
1359-6454, 46
(11
), pp. 3949
–3962
.10.
Jacot
, A.
, and Rappaz
, M.
, 1999, “A Combined Model for the Description of Austenization, Homogenization and Grain Growth in Hypoeutectoid Fe-C Steel During Heating
,” Acta Mater.
1359-6454, 47
(5
), pp. 1645
–1651
.11.
Committee
, A. I. H.
, 1991, ASM Handbook
, American Society of Metals
, New York
, Vol. 4
.12.
Hollomon
, J.
, and Jaffe
, L.
, 1945, “Time–Temperature Relations in Tempering Steel
,” Trans. AIME
0096-4778, 162
, pp. 223
–249
.13.
Starink
, M.
, 1996, “A New Method for the Derivation of Activation Energies From Experiments Performed at Constant Heating Rate
,” Thermochim. Acta
0040-6031, 288
, pp. 97
–104
.14.
Waterschoot
, T.
, Verbeken
, K.
, and de Cooman
, B. C.
, 2006, “Tempering Kinetics of the Martensitic Phase in DP Steel
,” ISIJ Int.
0915-1559, 46
(1
), pp. 138
–146
.15.
Mittemeijer
, E. J.
, Van Gent
, A.
, and Van Der Schaaf
, P. J.
, 1986, “Analysis of Transformation Kinetics by Nonisothermal Dilatometry
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A
1073-5623, 17
, pp. 1441
–1445
.16.
Zhang
, Z.
, Delagnes
, D.
, and Bernhart
, G.
, 2004, “Microstructure Evolution of Hot-Work Tool Steels During Tempering and Definition of a Kinetic Law Based on Hardness Measurements
,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A
0921-5093, 380
, pp. 222
–230
.17.
Wang
, Y.
, Denis
, B.
, Appolaire
, B.
, and Archambault
, P.
, 2004, “Modelling of Precipitation of Carbides During Tempering
,” J. Phys. IV
1155-4339, 120
, pp. 103
–110
.18.
Lakhkar
, R. S.
, Shin
, Y. C.
, and Krane
, M. J. M.
, 2008, “Predictive Modeling of Multi-Track Laser Hardening of AISI 4140 Steel
,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A
0921-5093, 480
, pp. 209
–217
.19.
Johnson
, W.
, and Mehl
, R.
, 1939, “Reaction Kinetics in Processes of Nucleation and Growth
,” Trans. Am. Inst. Min., Metall. Pet. Eng.
0096-4778, 135
, pp. 416
–458
.20.
Avrami
, M.
, 1939, “Kinetics of Phase Change. I General Theory
,” J. Chem. Phys.
0021-9606, 7
, pp. 1103
–1112
.21.
Orazi
, L.
, Fortunato
, A.
, Tani
, G.
, Campana
, G.
, Ascari
, A.
, and Cuccolini
, G.
, 2008, “A New Computationally Efficient Method in Laser Hardening
,” Proceedings of the MSEC 2008 International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering
, ASME
, New York
.22.
Brooks
, C. R.
, 1996, Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
, ASM International
, Materials Park, OH
.23.
Orazi
, L.
, Fortunato
, A.
, Cuccolini
, G.
, and Tani
, G.
, 2010, “An Efficient Model for Laser Surface Hardening of Hypoeutectoid Steels
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
0169-4332, 256
(6
), pp. 1913
–1919
.24.
Tani
, G.
, Orazi
, L.
, Fortunato
, A.
, and Cuccolini
, G.
, 2006, “3-D Modelling of Laser Ablation of Metals in Mould Manufacturing
,” Proceedings of the ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition
.25.
Tannehill
, J. C.
, Anderson
, A. D.
, and Pletcher
, R. H.
, 1997, Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
, Taylor & Francis
, London
.26.
Patwa
, R.
, and Shin
, Y. C.
, 2006, “Predictive Modeling of Laser Hardening of AISI5150H Steels
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
0890-6955, 46
, pp. 3949
–3962
.27.
Tani
, G.
, Orazi
, L.
, Fortunato
, A.
, Campana
, G.
, Ascari
, A.
, and Cuccolini
, G.
, 2008, “Optimization Strategies of Laser Hardening of Hypo-Eutectoid Steel
,” Proceedings of the 41st CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems
.Copyright © 2011
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
