There is a clear need for cooling high heat flux generating electronic devices using a dielectric fluid without using a pump. This paper explores the feasibility of employing ethanol as a dielectric fluid in a horizontal, open microchannel heat sink configuration with a tapered gap manifold to yield very low pressure head requirements. The paper presents experimental results for such a system utilizing ethanol as a working fluid under gravity-driven flow. A heat flux of 217 W/cm2 was dissipated with a pressure drop of only 9 kPa. The paper further presents parametric trends regarding flow rate and pressure drop characteristics that provide basic insight into designing high heat flux systems under a given gravity head requirement. Based on the results, interrelationships and design guidelines are developed for the taper, ethanol flow rate and imposed heat flux on heat transfer coefficient and gravity head requirement for electronics cooling. Reducing flow instability, reducing pressure drop, and enhancing heat transfer performance for a dielectric fluid will enable the development of pumpless cooling solutions in a variety of electronics cooling applications.
Issue Section:
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
References
1.
Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2002
, “Fundamental Issues Related to Flow Boiling in Minichannels and Microchannels
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 26
(2
), pp. 389
–407
.2.
Balasubramanian
, P.
, and Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2005
, “Experimental Study of Flow Patterns, Pressure Drop, and Flow Instabilities in Parallel Rectangular Minichannels
,” Heat Transfer Eng.
, 26
(3
), pp. 20
–27
.3.
Mukherjee
, A.
, and Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2005
, “Numerical Study of the Effect of Inlet Constriction on Bubble Growth During Flow Boiling in Microchannels
,” ASME
Paper No. ICMM2005-75143.4.
Qu
, W.
, and Mudawar
, I.
, 2003
, “Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Micro-Channel Heat Sinks—I. Experimental Investigation and Assessment of Correlation Methods
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 46
(15
), pp. 2755
–2771
.5.
Kandlikar
, S. G.
, Kuan
, W. K.
, Willistein
, D. A.
, and Borrelli
, J.
, 2005
, “Stabilization of Flow Boiling in Microchannels Using Pressure Drop Elements and Fabricated Nucleation Sites
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 128
(4
), pp. 389
–396
.6.
Kuo
, C.-J.
, and Peles
, Y.
, 2007
, “Local Measurement of Flow Boiling in Structured Surface Microchannels
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 50
(23–24
), pp. 4513
–4526
.7.
Kosar
, A.
, Kuo
, C.-J.
, and Peles
, Y.
, 2005
, “Boiling Heat Transfer in Rectangular Microchannels With Reentrant Cavities
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 48
(23–24
), pp. 4867
–4886
.8.
Kosar
, A.
, Kuo
, C.-J.
, and Peles
, Y.
, 2006
, “Suppression of Boiling Flow Oscillations in Parallel Microchannels by Inlet Restrictors
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 128
(3
), pp. 251
–260
.9.
Kuo
, C.-J.
, and Peles
, Y.
, 2008
, “Flow Boiling Instabilities in Microchannels and Means for Mitigation by Reentrant Cavities
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 130
(7
), p. 072402
.10.
Lu
, C. T.
, and Pan
, C.
, 2011
, “Convective Boiling in a Parallel Microchannel Heat Sink With a Diverging Cross Section and Artificial Nucleation Sites
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 35
(5
), pp. 810
–815
.11.
Miner
, M. J.
, Phelan
, P. E.
, Odom
, B. A.
, Ortiz
, C. A.
, Sherbeck
, J. A.
, and Prasher
, R. S.
, 2011
, “Optimized Expanding Microchannel Geometry for Flow Boiling
,” ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE)
, Nov. 11–17, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
, New York
, pp. 835
–841
.12.
Kandlikar
, S. G.
, Widger
, T.
, Kalani
, A.
, and Mejia
, V.
, 2013
, “Enhanced Flow Boiling Over Open Microchannels With Uniform and Tapered Gap Manifolds
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 135
(6
), p. 061401
.13.
Balasubramanian
, K.
, Lee
, P. S.
, Jin
, L. W.
, Chou
, S. K.
, Teo
, C. J.
, and Gao
, S.
, 2011
, “Enhanced Heat Transfer and Reduced Pressure Drop Using Stepped Fin Microchannels
,” IEEE 13th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference
(EPTC
), Dec. 7–9, IEEE Computer Society
, Washington, DC
, pp. 653
–659
.14.
Miner
, M. J.
, Phelan
, P. E.
, Odom
, B. A.
, and Ortiz
, C. A.
, 2014
, “An Experimental Investigation of Pressure Drop in Expanding Microchannel Arrays
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 136
(3
), p. 031502
.15.
Kalani
, A.
, and Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2014
, “Evaluation of Pressure Drop Performance During Enhanced Flow Boiling in Open Microchannels With Tapered Manifolds
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 136
(5
), p. 051502
.16.
Fazeli
, A.
, Mortazavi
, M.
, and Moghaddam
, S.
, 2015
, “Hierarchical Biphilic Micro/Nanostructures for a New Generation Phase-Change Heat Sink
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 78
, pp. 380
–386
.17.
Kalani
, A.
, and Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2013
, “Experimental Investigation of Flow Boiling Performance of Open Microchannels With Uniform and Tapered Manifolds (OMM)
,” ASME
Paper No. HT2013-17441. 18.
Lee
, Y.
, and Mital
, U.
, 1972
, “A Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 15
(9
), pp. 1695
–1707
.19.
Noie
, S. H.
, 2005
, “Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 25
(4
), pp. 495
–506
.20.
Imura
, H.
, Sasaguchi
, K.
, Kozai
, H.
, and Numata
, S.
, 1983
, “Critical Heat Flux in a Closed Two-Phase Thermosyphon
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 26
(8
), pp. 1181
–1188
.21.
Khodabandeh
, R.
, and Palm
, B.
, 2002
, “Influence of System Pressure on the Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Closed Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop
,” Int. J. Therm. Sci.
, 41
(7
), pp. 619
–624
.22.
Khodabandeh
, R.
, 2004
, “Thermal Performance of a Closed Advanced Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop for Cooling of Radio Base Stations at Different Operating Conditions
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 24
(17
), pp. 2643
–2655
.23.
Khodabandeh
, R.
, 2005
, “Heat Transfer in the Evaporator of an Advanced Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop
,” Int. J. Refrig.
, 28
(2
), pp. 190
–202
.24.
Khodabandeh
, R.
, 2005
, “Pressure Drop in Riser and Evaporator in an Advanced Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop
,” Int. J. Refrig.
, 28
(5
), pp. 725
–734
.25.
Kalani
, A.
, and Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2013
, “Enhanced Pool Boiling With Ethanol at Subatmospheric Pressures for Electronics Cooling
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 135
(11
), p. 111002
.26.
Hetsroni
, G.
, Mosyak
, A.
, Pogrebnyak
, E.
, and Segal
, Z.
, 2006
, “Periodic Boiling in Parallel Micro-Channels at Low Vapor Quality
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 32
(10
), pp. 1141
–1159
.27.
Diaz
, M. C.
, and Schmidt
, J.
, 2007
, “Experimental Investigation of Transient Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels
,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow
, 28
(1
), pp. 95
–102
.28.
Fu
, B. R.
, Tsou
, M. S.
, and Pan
, C.
, 2012
, “Boiling Heat Transfer and Critical Heat Flux of Ethanol–Water Mixtures Flowing Through a Diverging Microchannel With Artificial Cavities
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 55
(5
), pp. 1807
–1814
.29.
Battino
, R.
, Rettich
, T. R.
, and Tominaga
, T.
, 1983
, “The Solubility of Oxygen and Ozone in Liquids
,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
, 12
(2
), pp. 163
–178
.30.
Kalani
, A.
, and Kandlikar
, S. G.
, 2015
, “Effect of Taper on Pressure Recovery During Flow Boiling in Open Microchannels With Manifold Using Homogeneous Flow Model
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 83
, pp. 109
–117
.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
