... that a parametric study cannot adequately capture the inherent nonlinearity. Therefore, this paper, for the first time, aims to perform a multi-objective optimization on CO 2 water-sourced HPWH performance in order to minimize the total component costs, maximize gas cooler (GC) heating capacity, and maximize...

... cost, and environmental and social impact cost. At the end of the study, hydrogen is found to be less harmful than other fuels based on its environmental and social impact cost. On the other hand, hydrogen has the highest environmental cost at each ignition timing compared to both LPG and gasoline...