As the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems accounts for a major sector of energy consumption for commercial buildings, there has been a greater demand for improving the efficiency of such systems. The air-side economizers have been developed as a class of energy-saving HVAC devices that may increase the energy efficiency by taking advantage of outdoor air during cool or cold weather. However, many economizers do not operate in the expected manner and waste even more energy than before installation, mostly due to the unreliable sensors and actuators in practice. Better control strategy is needed for optimal and robust operation. In this paper, an extremum-seeking control (ESC) based self-optimizing strategy is proposed to minimize the energy consumption, with the feedback of chilled water supply command rather than the temperature and humidity measurements. The mechanical cooling load is minimized by seeking the optimal outdoor air damper opening in real time. Such scheme does not need temperature and humidity sensors, and depends much less on the knowledge of the economizer model. Simulation was performed on a MODELICA based transient model of a single-duct air-handling unit developed with DYMOLA and AIRCONDITIONING LIBRARY. The simulation results demonstrated the potential of using ESC to achieve the minimal mechanical cooling load in a self-optimizing manner. In addition, an antiwindup ESC scheme is proposed to handle the ESC windup issue due to actuator (damper) saturation. The simulation results validated the effectiveness of the proposed antiwindup ESC.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
1.
EPA
, 2000, “Energy Cost and IAQ Performance of Ventilation Systems and Controls
,” Report No. EPA-4-2-S-01-001.2.
ASHRAE
, 2004, “Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
,” American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.3.
ASHRAE
, 2004, “90.1 User’s Manual ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004
,” American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.4.
2005, “
Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Dehumidifying Systems
,” United States Department of Defense, Technical Report No. UFC 3-410-02N.5.
Hydeman
, M.
, Taylor
, S.
, Stein
, J.
, Kolderup
, E.
, and Hong
, T.
, 2003, “Advanced Variable Air Volume System Design Guide
,” California Energy Commission.6.
AEC
, 2007, “Advanced Automated HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostics Commercialization Program
,” California Energy Commission, Technical Report No. 500-03-030.7.
NBCIP
, 2004, “Product Testing Report: Duct-Mounted Relative Humidity Transmitters
,” National Building Controls Information Program.8.
NBCIP
, 2005, “Product Testing Report Supplement: Duct-Mounted Relative Humidity Transmitters
,” National Building Controls Information Program.9.
Song
, L.
, and Liu
, M.
, 2004, “Optimal Outside Airflow Control of an Integrated Air-Handling Unit System for Large Office Buildings
,” ASME J. Solar Energy Eng.
, 126
(1
), pp. 614
–619
.10.
Guo
, C.
, Song
, Q.
, and Cai
, W.
, 2007, “A Neural Network Assisted Cascade Control System for Air Handling Unit
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
0278-0046, 54
(1
), pp. 620
–628
.11.
Seem
, J. E.
, and House
, J. M.
, 2010, “Development and Evaluation of Optimization-Based Air Economizer Strategies
,” Appl. Energy
0306-2619, 87
(3
), pp. 910
–924
.12.
Blackman
, P. F.
, 1962, “Extremum-Seeking Regulators
,” An Exposition of Adaptive Control
, Pergamon
, New York
.13.
Sternby
, J.
, 1980, “Extremum Control Systems: An Area for Adaptive Control?
,” Proceedings of the Joint American Control Conference
, San Francisco, CA.14.
Åström
, K. J.
, and Wittenmark
, B.
, 1995, Adaptive Control
, Addison-Wesley
, Reading, MA
.15.
Krstić
, M.
, and Wang
, H. -H.
, 2000, “Stability of Extremum Seeking Feedback for General Nonlinear Dynamic Systems
,” Automatica
0005-1098, 36
(4
), pp. 595
–601
.16.
Krstić
, M.
, 2000, “Performance Improvement and Limitations in Extremum Seeking Control
,” Syst. Control Lett.
0167-6911, 39
(5
), pp. 313
–326
.17.
2009, MODELICA, http://www.modelica.org/http://www.modelica.org/
18.
19.
Modelon
, 2009, http://www.modelon.se/http://www.modelon.se/20.
Lebrun
, J.
, 2004, “Variable Speed Fan
,” http://cbs.lbl.gov/diagnostics/model_libraryhttp://cbs.lbl.gov/diagnostics/model_library21.
Wagner
, W.
, Cooper
, J. R.
, Dittmann
, A.
, Kijima
, J.
, Kretzschmar
, H. J.
, Kruse
, A.
, Mares
, R.
, Oguchi
, K.
, Sato
, H.
, Stocker
, I.
, Sifner
, O.
, Takaishi
, Y.
, Tanishita
, I.
, Trubenbach
, J.
, and Willkommen
, T.
, 2000, “The IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
0742-4795, 122
(1
), pp. 150
–180
.22.
Li
, P.
, Li
, Y.
, and Seem
, J. E.
, 2008, Dynamic Modeling and Control of an Air-Side Economizer Using MODELICA
, University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld
, Germany
, pp. 447
–464
.23.
Zhou
, X.
, 2005, “Dynamic Modeling of Chilled Water Cooling Coils
,” Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, Indiana.24.
Li
, P.
, Li
, Y.
, and Seem
, J. E.
, 2010, “MODELICA-Based Dynamic Modeling of a Chilled-Water Cooling Coil
,” HVAC&R Res.
, 16
(1
), pp. 35
–58
.25.
Tan
, H.
, and Dexter
, A.
, 2006, “Estimating Airflow Rates in Air-Handling Units From Actuator Control Signals
,” Build. Environ.
0360-1323, 41
(10
), pp. 1291
–1298
.26.
Rotea
, M. A.
, 2000, “Analysis of Multivariable Extremum Seeking Algorithms
,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference
, Vol. 1
, pp. 433
–437
.27.
Leblanc
, M.
, 1922, “Sur L’electrification Des Chemins De Fer Au Moyen De Courants Alternatifs De Frequence Elevee
,” Revue Generale de l’Electricite
.28.
Tsien
, H. S.
, 1954, Engineering Cybernetics
, McGraw-Hill
, New York
.29.
Choi
, J. Y.
, Krstic
, M.
, Ariyur
, K. B.
, and Lee
, J. S.
, 2002, “Extremum Seeking Control for Discrete-Time Systems
,” IEEE Trans. Autom. Control
0018-9286, 47
(2
), pp. 318
–323
.30.
Wang
, H. H.
, Krstic
, M.
, and Bastin
, G.
, 1999, “Optimizing Bioreactors by Extremum Seeking
,” Int. J. Adapt. Control Signal Process.
0890-6327, 13
(8
), pp. 651
–669
.31.
Wang
, H. -H.
, Yeung
, S.
, and Krstic
, M.
, 2000, “Experimental Application of Extremum Seeking on an Axial-Flow Compressor
,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol.
1063-6536, 8
(2
), pp. 300
–309
.32.
Banaszuk
, A.
, Zhang
, Y.
, and Jacobson
, C. A.
, 2000, “Adaptive Control of Combustion Instability Using Extremum-Seeking
,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Vol. 1
, pp. 416
–422
.33.
Binetti
, P.
, Ariyur
, K. B.
, Krstic
, M.
, and Bernelli
, F.
, 2002, “Control of Formation Flight via Extremum Seeking
,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Vol. 4
, pp. 2848
–2853
.34.
Wang
, H. -H.
, and Krstić
, M.
, 2000, “Extremum Seeking for Limit Cycle Minimization
,” IEEE Trans. Autom. Control
0018-9286, 45
(12
), pp. 2432
–2436
.35.
Drakunov
, S.
, Özgüner
, Ü.
, Dix
, P.
, and Ashrafi
, B.
, 1995, “ABS Control Using Optimum Search via Sliding Modes
,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol.
1063-6536, 3
(1
), pp. 79
–85
.36.
Yu
, H.
, and Özgüner
, Ü.
, 2002, “Extremum-Seeking Control Strategy for ABS System With Time Delay
,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Vol. 5
, pp. 3753
–3758
.37.
Yu
, H.
, and Özgüner
, Ü.
, 2002, “Extremum-Seeking Control via Sliding Mode With Periodic Search Signals
,” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Vol. 1
, pp. 323
–328
.38.
Speyer
, J. L.
, Banavar
, R. N.
, Chichka
, D. F.
, and Rhee
, I.
, 2000, “Extremum Seeking Loops With Assumed Functions
,” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Vol. 1
, pp. 142
–147
.39.
Banavar
, R. N.
, Chichka
, D. F.
, and Speyer
, J. L.
, 2001, “Functional Feedback in an Extremum Seeking Loop
,” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Vol. 2
, pp. 1316
–1321
.40.
Banavar
, R. N.
, 2002, “Extremum Seeking Loops With Assumed Functions: Estimation and Control
,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Vol. 4
, pp. 3159
–3164
.41.
ASHRAE
, 2001, ASHRAE Standard: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
, Atlanta, GA
.42.
Åström
, K. J.
, and Wittenmark
, B.
, 1997, Computer-Controlled Systems: Theory and Design
, Prentice-Hall
, Upper Saddle River, NJ
.43.
Åström
, K. J.
, and Rundqwist
, L.
, 1989, “Integrator Windup and How to Avoid It
,” Proceedings of the American Control Conference, pp. 1693
–1698
.44.
Fertik
, H. A.
, and Ross
, C. W.
, 1967, “Direct Digital Control Algorithms With Anti-Windup Feature
,” ISA Trans.
0019-0578, 6
(4
), pp. 317
–328
.45.
Åström
, K. J.
, 1987, “Advanced Control in Computer Integrated Manufacturing
,” Proceedings of the 13th Annual Advanced Control Conference
.46.
Sanders
, J. A.
, Verhulst
, F.
, and Murdock
, J. A.
, 2007, Averaging Methods in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
, Springer
, New York
.47.
Khalil
, H. K.
, 2002, Nonlinear Systems
, Prentice-Hall
, Upper Saddle River, NJ
.48.
Astrom
, K. J.
, and Wittenmark
, B.
, 1996, Computer-Controlled Systems: Theory and Design
, Prentice-Hall
, New York
.49.
Franklin
, G.
, Powell
, J. D.
, and Emami-Naeini
, A.
, 2005, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems
, Prentice-Hall
, New York
.Copyright © 2010
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
