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Journal of Vibration and Acoustics | Volume 136 | Issue 6 | research-article
Research Papers

On the Apparent Propagation Speed in Transmission Line Matrix Uniform Grid Meshes

[+] Author and Article Information
Alexandre S. Brandão

Graduate Program in Electrical
and Telecommunications Engineering,
Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Niterói, RJ CEP 24210-240, Brasil
e-mail: abrand@operamail.com

Edson Cataldo

Graduate Program in Electrical
and Telecommunications Engineering,
Applied Mathematics Department,
Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Niterói, RJ CEP 24210-240, Brasil
e-mail: ecataldo@im.uff.br

Fabiana R. Leta

Graduate Program in Mechanical
Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Niterói, RJ CEP 24210-240, Brasil
e-mail: fabiana@id.uff.br

1Corresponding author.

Contributed by the Technical Committee on Vibration and Sound of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS. Manuscript received January 2, 2014; final manuscript received September 2, 2014; published online October 6, 2014. Assoc. Editor: Thomas J. Royston.

J. Vib. Acoust 136(6), 061013 (Oct 06, 2014) (11 pages) Paper No: VIB-14-1001; doi: 10.1115/1.4028489 History: Received January 02, 2014; Revised September 02, 2014
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Numerical models consisting of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) uniform grid meshes for the transmission line matrix method (TLM) currently use 2 and 3, respectively, to compensate for the apparent sound speed. In this paper, new compensation factors are determined from a priori simulations, performed without compensation, in 2D and 3D TLM one-section tube models. The frequency values of the first mistuned resonance peaks, obtained from these simulations, are substituted in the corresponding equations for the resonance frequencies in one-section tubes to find the apparent sound propagation speed in the mesh environment and, thus, the necessary compensation. The new factors have been tested in more complex models like a two-tube concatenation model and a realistic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-reconstructed human vocal tract (VT) model. Important VT modeling results confirm the improvement over the conventional compensation factors, particularly for frequencies above 4 kHz. Among these results are the identification of the spectral trough at about 5200 Hz caused by the piriform fossa and the application of a pitch extraction algorithm to the 3D TLM output signal, finding a difference smaller than 0.66% relatively to human voice pitch.
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References

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Figures

Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 1

(a) Volume of interest (VOI) selection and (b) attribute setting to TLM nodes through the ModaVox interface

+(a) Volume of interest (VOI) selection and (b) attribute setting to TLM nodes through the ModaVox interface
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(a) Volume of interest (VOI) selection and (b) attribute setting to TLM nodes through the ModaVox interface
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Fig. 2

Numerical dispersion in TLM (adapted from Ref. [2])

+Numerical dispersion in TLM (adapted from Ref. [2])
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Numerical dispersion in TLM (adapted from Ref. [2])
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Fig. 3

TLM meshes for tubes with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. (a) and (b) 2D open and closed tubes (c) and (d) 3D open and closed tubes.

+TLM meshes for tubes with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. (a) and (b) 2D open and closed tubes (c) and (d) 3D open and closed tubes.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
TLM meshes for tubes with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. (a) and (b) 2D open and closed tubes (c) and (d) 3D open and closed tubes.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 4

Frequency response functions for the one-section tube models with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. TLM simulations considering 2D and 3D cases D = 1 and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2). (a) Open tube and (b) closed tube.

+Frequency response functions for the one-section tube models with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. TLM simulations considering 2D and 3D cases D = 1 and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2). (a) Open tube and (b) closed tube.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Frequency response functions for the one-section tube models with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. TLM simulations considering 2D and 3D cases D = 1 and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2). (a) Open tube and (b) closed tube.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 9

3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT meshes considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625 (a) and (b) time-domain output signal, (c) and (d) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM), (a) and (c) mesh with piriform fossa, (b) and (d) mesh without piriform fossa.

+3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT meshes considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625 (a) and (b) time-domain output signal, (c) and (d) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM), (a) and (c) mesh with piriform fossa, (b) and (d) mesh without piriform fossa.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT meshes considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625 (a) and (b) time-domain output signal, (c) and (d) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM), (a) and (c) mesh with piriform fossa, (b) and (d) mesh without piriform fossa.
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Fig. 10

FFT plots (with versus without piriform fossa) for the 3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped human VT mesh considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625. (a) 4–6 kHz range and (b) 6–10 kHz range.

+FFT plots (with versus without piriform fossa) for the 3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped human VT mesh considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625. (a) 4–6 kHz range and (b) 6–10 kHz range.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
FFT plots (with versus without piriform fossa) for the 3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped human VT mesh considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625. (a) 4–6 kHz range and (b) 6–10 kHz range.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 5

Frequency response functions for the one-section tube models with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. The analytical resonance values are given according to Eqs. (3) and (4). Simulations considering c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 2.238704168 and D = 3.35805625 for 2D and 3D TLM, respectively. (a) Open tube and (b) closed tube.

+Frequency response functions for the one-section tube models with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. The analytical resonance values are given according to Eqs. (3) and (4). Simulations considering c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 2.238704168 and D = 3.35805625 for 2D and 3D TLM, respectively. (a) Open tube and (b) closed tube.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Frequency response functions for the one-section tube models with 12 mm in diameter and 170 mm in length. The analytical resonance values are given according to Eqs. (3) and (4). Simulations considering c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 2.238704168 and D = 3.35805625 for 2D and 3D TLM, respectively. (a) Open tube and (b) closed tube.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 6

Two-tube concatenation for the /a/ vowel. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. (a) 2D model and (b) 3D model.

+Two-tube concatenation for the /a/ vowel. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. (a) 2D model and (b) 3D model.
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Two-tube concatenation for the /a/ vowel. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. (a) 2D model and (b) 3D model.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 7

Frequency response functions for the two-tube model representing the /a/ vowel. The analytical resonance values are the poles of Eq. (5). Simulations considering c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with (a) D = 2 and D = 2.238704168 for 2D TLM and (b) D = 3 and D = 3.35805625 for 3D TLM.

+Frequency response functions for the two-tube model representing the /a/ vowel. The analytical resonance values are the poles of Eq. (5). Simulations considering c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with (a) D = 2 and D = 2.238704168 for 2D TLM and (b) D = 3 and D = 3.35805625 for 3D TLM.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Frequency response functions for the two-tube model representing the /a/ vowel. The analytical resonance values are the poles of Eq. (5). Simulations considering c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with (a) D = 2 and D = 2.238704168 for 2D TLM and (b) D = 3 and D = 3.35805625 for 3D TLM.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 8

Human VT TLM meshes for the /a/ vowel. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. The indexes of the chosen output nodes are shown (the source node values are also stored in output files). The sagittal plane shows a slice from the MRI sequence. (a) 2D mesh and (b) 3D mesh shown translucent.

+Human VT TLM meshes for the /a/ vowel. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. The indexes of the chosen output nodes are shown (the source node values are also stored in output files). The sagittal plane shows a slice from the MRI sequence. (a) 2D mesh and (b) 3D mesh shown translucent.
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
Human VT TLM meshes for the /a/ vowel. Numbers from 0 to 3 define the boundary value code at Sec. 4.1. The indexes of the chosen output nodes are shown (the source node values are also stored in output files). The sagittal plane shows a slice from the MRI sequence. (a) 2D mesh and (b) 3D mesh shown translucent.
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 11

2D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT mesh considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 2.23870416. (a) Time-domain output signal and (b) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).

+2D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT mesh considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 2.23870416. (a) Time-domain output signal and (b) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
2D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT mesh considering soft walls, the signal at Eq. (1) as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 2.23870416. (a) Time-domain output signal and (b) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).
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Fig. 12

(a) Glottal sound after average removal and amplitude enhancement and (b) frequency envelope of the glottal sound (note the harmonic reduction ratio of −4 dB/Oct)

+(a) Glottal sound after average removal and amplitude enhancement and (b) frequency envelope of the glottal sound (note the harmonic reduction ratio of −4 dB/Oct)
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(a) Glottal sound after average removal and amplitude enhancement and (b) frequency envelope of the glottal sound (note the harmonic reduction ratio of −4 dB/Oct)
Grahic Jump Location
Fig. 13

3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT mesh with piriform fossa considering soft walls, the GS as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625. (a) Time-domain output signal, (b) zoom in the segment of (a) from 0.3 to 0.4 s, and (c) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).

+3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT mesh with piriform fossa considering soft walls, the GS as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625. (a) Time-domain output signal, (b) zoom in the segment of (a) from 0.3 to 0.4 s, and (c) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
3D TLM simulation on the /a/ vowel shaped VT mesh with piriform fossa considering soft walls, the GS as input and c = 343.1 m/s at Eq. (2) with D = 3.35805625. (a) Time-domain output signal, (b) zoom in the segment of (a) from 0.3 to 0.4 s, and (c) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).
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Fig. 14

A filter based on the frequency response of Fig. 12(b) is applied to the TLM simulation output signal of Fig. 13(a). Applying this filter to the GS of Fig. 12(a) and using it as input in a new simulation at the human 3D VT mesh gives the same result. (a) Time-domain signal in the 0 to 0.2 s interval and (b) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).

+A filter based on the frequency response of Fig. 12(b) is applied to the TLM simulation output signal of Fig. 13(a). Applying this filter to the GS of Fig. 12(a) and using it as input in a new simulation at the human 3D VT mesh gives the same result. (a) Time-domain signal in the 0 to 0.2 s interval and (b) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).
View Large  |  Save Figure  |  Download Slide (.ppt)
A filter based on the frequency response of Fig. 12(b) is applied to the TLM simulation output signal of Fig. 13(a). Applying this filter to the GS of Fig. 12(a) and using it as input in a new simulation at the human 3D VT mesh gives the same result. (a) Time-domain signal in the 0 to 0.2 s interval and (b) FFT comparison (human voice versus TLM).

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